What was a primary reason for heavy losses during bombing missions against Germany before 1944?

The primary reason for heavy losses during bombing missions against Germany before 1944 was the lack of long-range fighter escort. Bomber crews often faced intense anti-aircraft fire and enemy fighter interceptors while conducting their missions. Without adequate protection from long-range fighters, the bombers were vulnerable to attacks as they flew deep into enemy territory.

Fighter escorts could have increased the survivability of the bombers by engaging enemy fighters and providing a defensive screen against attacks. As the war progressed, the introduction of long-range escort fighters, such as the P-51 Mustang, significantly improved bomber survival rates and mission success. This change not only allowed bombers to operate with more confidence but also altered the dynamics of air warfare over Europe. The success of these escort missions highlighted the importance of fighter support in achieving effective bombing campaigns.